PNEUMONIA

Dictionary Meaning -
(according to Dorland's pocket medical Dictionary)

Inflammation Of The Lungs With Exudation And Consolidation.

Pneumonia Al'ba - A Fatal Desquamative Pneumonia Of The Newborn Due To Congenital Syphilis, With Fatty Degeneration Of The Lungs.

Aspiration Pneumonia -  That Due To Aspiration Of Foreign Material Into The Lungs.

Atypical Pneumonia - Primary Atypical Pneumonia.

Bacterial Pneumonia - That Due To Bacteria, Usually Species Of Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Klebsiella, And Mycoplasma.

Bronchial Pneumonia - Bronchopneumonia.

Desquamative Interstitial Pneumonia - Chronic Pneumonia With Desquamation Of Large Alveolar Cells And Thickening Of The Walls Of Distal Air Passages; Marked By Dyspnea And Non-Productive Cough.

Double Pneumonia - That Affecting Both Lungs.

Friedlander Pneumonia - Klebsiella Pneumonia.

Hypo-Static Pneumonia - A Type Seen In The Weak Or Elderly, Due To Excessive Lying On The Back.

Influenzal Pneumonia , Influenza Virus Pneumonia - An Acute, Usually Fatal Type Due To Influenza Virus, With High Fever, Prostration, Sore Throat, Aching Pains, Dyspnea, Massive Oedema, & Consolidation. It May Be Complicated By Bacterial Pneumonia.

Inhalation Pneumonia - 1. Aspiration Pneumonia.

                                   2. Broncho Pneumonia Due To Inhalation Of Irritating Vapours.

Interstitial Pneumonia - 1. Any Of Various Types Of Pneumonia Characterized By Thickening Of The                                                   Interstitial Tissue.

                                    2. Bronchopneumonia Due To Inhalation Of Irritating Vapours.

Interstitial Plasma Cell Pneumonia - Pneumocystis Pneumonia.

Klebsiella Pneumonia - Friedlander Pneumonia; A Form With Massive Mucoid Inflammatory Exudates In A Lobe Of The Lung, Due To Klebsiella Pneumoniae.

Lipid Pneumonia , Lipoid Pneumonia - Aspiration Pneumonia Due To Aspiration Of Oil.

Lobar Pneumonia - 1. Acute Bacterial Pneumonia With Oedema, Usually In One Lung; The Most Common                                   Type Is Pneumococcal Pneumonia.

                              2. Pneumococcal Pneumonia.

Lobular Pneumonia - Bronchopneumonia.

Mycoplasmal Pneumonia - Primary Atypical Pneumonia Caused By Mycoplasma Pneumoniae.

Pittsburgh Pneumonia - A Type Resembling Legionnaires' Disease, Caused By Legionella Micdadei, Seen In Immuno-Compromised Patients.

Pneumococcal Pneumonia - The Most Common Type Of Lobar Pneumonia, Caused By Streptococcus Pneumoniae.

Pneumocystis Pneumonia - A Form Caused By Pneumocystis Jiroveci, Seen In Infants And Debilitated Or Immunocompromised Persons; Cellular Detritus Containing Plasma Cells Appears In Lung Tissue.

Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia - Former Name For Pneumocystis Pneumonia.

Primary Atypical Pneumonia - Any Of Numerous Types Of Acute Pneumonia, Caused By Bacteria Such As Species Of Mycoplasma, Rickettesia, Or Chlamydophila, Or Viruses Such As Adenoviruses Or Para-Influenza Virus.

Rheumatic Pneumonia - A Rare, Usually Fatal Complication Of Acute Rheumatic Fever, With Extensive Pulmonary Consolidation And Rapidly Progressive Functional Deterioration, Alveolar Exudate, Interstitial Infiltrates, And Necrotizing Arteritis.

Varicella Pneumonia - That Developing After The Skin Eruption In Varicella (Chicken Pox), Apparently Due To The Same Virus; Symptoms May Be Severe Chest Pain.

Viral Pneumonia - That Due To A Virus, e.g., Adenovirus, Influenza virus, Para-Influenza Virus, Or Varicella Virus.

White Pneumonia - Pneumonia Alba.

Pathological Point Of View -

Pneumonia Is An Inflammatory Condition Of The Lung Affecting Primarily The Microscopic Air Sacs Known As Alveoli.

Causes :- 

• Bacteria.

• Viruses.

• Fungi.

• Parasites.

• Idiopathic

Mechanisms :-

Pneumonia Frequently Starts As An Upper Respiratory Tract Infection That Moves Into The Lower Respiratory Tract.

• Viral :-

Viruses May Reach The Lung By A Number Of Different Routes.

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Respiratory Syncytial Virus Is Typically Contracted When People Touch Contaminated Objects And Then They Touch Their Eyes Or Nose.

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Other Viral Infections Occur When Contaminated Airborne Droplets Are Inhaled Through The Mouth Or Nose.

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Once In The Upper Airway, The Viruses May Make Their Way In The Lungs, Where They Invade The Cells Lining The Airways, Alveoli, Or Lung Parenchyma.

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Some Viruses Such As Measles And Herpes Simplex May Reach The Lungs Via The Blood.

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The Invasion Of The Lungs May Lead To Varying Degrees Of Cell Death.

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When The Immune System Responds To The Infection, Even More Lung Damage May Occur.

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Primarily White Blood Cells, Mainly Mono Nuclear Cells, Generate The Inflammation.

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As Well As Damaging The Lungs, Many Viruses Simultaneously Affect Other Organs And Thus Disrupt Other Body Functions.

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Viruses Also Make The Body More Susceptible To Bacterial Infections; In This Way, Bacterial Pneumonia Can Arise As A Co-Morbid Condition.

• Bacterial :-

Most Bacteria Enter The Lungs Via Small Aspirations Of Organisms Residing In The Throat Or Nose.

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Half Of Normal People Have These Small Aspirations During Sleep.

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While The Throat Always Contains Bacteria, Potentially Infectious Ones Reside There Only At Certain Times And Under Certain Conditions.

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A Minority Of Types Of Bacteria Such As Mycobacterium Tuberculosis And Legionella Pneumophila Reach The Lungs Via Contaminated Airborne Droplets.

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Bacteria Can Spread Also Via The Blood.

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Once In The Lungs, Bacteria May Invade The Spaces Between Cells And Between Alveoli, Where The Macrophages And Neutrophils (Defensive White Blood Cells) Attempt To Inactivate The Bacteria.

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The Neutrophils Also Release Cytokines, Causing A General Activation Of The Immune System.

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This Leads To The Fever, Chills, And Fatigue Common In Bacterial Pneumonia.

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The Neutrophils, Bacteria, And Fluid From Surrounding Blood Vessels Fill The Alveoli, Resulting In The Consolidation Seen On Chest X-ray.

Signs & Symptoms :-

 For More Details :- 

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia 

 Management :-

Home Remedies :-

Allopathic Treatment :-

• Antibiotics. 

• Analgesics. 

• Neuraminidase Inhibitors.  

Diagnostic Tests :-

• Chest X-rays. 

•  Blood Tests. 

•  Sputum Test.

•  CT - Scan. 

•  Pleural Fluid Test. 

•  Pulse Oximetry. 

• Bronchoscopy. 

Prevention :-

 Homoeopathic Treatment :-

" One Single Simple Drug Substance In Its Most Suitable Potency, According To Symptom Similarity Based On Totality! "

In Case Of Pneumonia, List Of Useful Remedies (According To REPERTORY

by Oscar E. BOERICKE, M.D.) Are As Below-

Inflammation

BRONCHOPNEUMONIA -- Acon., Am. iod., Ant. ars., Ant. t., Ars., Ars. iod., Bell., Bry., Chel., Ferr. p., Glycerin, Iod., Ipec., Kali c., Koch's lymph., Phos., Puls., Scilla, Solania,Tub.

CROUPOUS PNEUMONIA -- Acon., Agar., Am. iod., Ant. ars., Ant. iod., Ant. s. a., Ant. t., Apomorph., Arn., Ars., Bell., Brom., Bry., Caffeine, Camph., Carb. ac., Carbo v., Chel., Cinch., Dig., Ferr. p., Gels., Hep., Iod., Ipec., Kali bich., Kali c., Kali iod., Lach., Lyc., Merc., Millef., Nat. s., Nit. ac., Op., Ox. ac., Phos., Puromococcin, Pneumotoxin, Pyr., Ran. b., Rhus t., Sang., Scilla, Senega, Strych., Sul., Tub., Ver. a., Ver. v.

Stages of pneumonia

Congestive -- Acon., Æsc., Bell., Bry., Ferr. p., Iod., Sang., Ver. v.

Consolidation -- Ant. t., Bry., Iod., Kali iod., Kali m., Phos., Sang., Sul.

Resolution -- Ant. t., Ant. s. a., Ars., Ars. iod., Carbo v., Hep., Iod., Kali iod., Kali s., Lyc., Nat. s., Phos., Sang., Sil., Stann. iod., Sul.

Type

Bilious -- Ant. t., Chel., Lept., Merc., Phos., Pod.

Latent -- Chel., Phos., Sul.

Neglected, lingering, cases -- Am. c., Ant. iod., Ant. s. a., Ant. t., Ars. iod., Bry., Carbo v., Cinch., Hep., Kali iod., Lach., Lyc., Phos., Plumb., Sul.

Secondary -- Ant. ars., Ant. t., Ferr. p., Phos.

Senile -- Ant. ars., Ant. t., Dig., Ferr. p.

Sycotic -- Nat. s.

Typhoid -- Hyos., Lach., Laur., Merc. cy., Op., Phos., Rhus t., Sang., Sul.

 For Detail Study Of Above Mentioned Individual Remedy From HOMŒOPATHIC MATERIA MEDICA by William BOERICKE, M.D.:-

•  http://www.homeoint.org/books/boericmm/

Special Thanks To Damini Rathwa, Dipti Varma, & Dhwani Gamit.

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CYANOSIS

Dictionary Meaning -
(according to Dorland's pocket medical Dictionary)

 A Bluish Discolouration Of Skin And Mucous Membranes Due To Excessive Concentration Of Reduced Haemoglobin In The Blood.

Central Cyanosis - That Due To Arterial Unsaturation, The Aortic Blood Carrying Reduced Haemoglobin.

Enterogenous Cyanosis - A Syndrome Due To Absorption Of Nitrites And Sulphides From The Intestine, Marked Primarily By Methemoglobinemia And/Or Sulfhemoglobinemia With Cyanosis, As Well As Severe Enteritis, Constipation Or Diarrhoea, Headache, Dyspnea, Dizziness, Syncope, And Anaemia.

Peripheral Cyanosis - That Due To An Excessive Amount Of Reduced Haemoglobin In The Venous Blood As A Result Of Extensive Oxygen Extraction At The Capillary Level.

Pulmonary Cyanosis - Central Cyanosis Due To Poor Oxygenation Of The Blood In The Lungs.

Cyanosis Re'tinae - Cyanosis Of The Retina, Observable In Certain Congenital Cardiac Defects.

Shunt Cyanosis - Central Cyanosis Due To The Mixing Of Unoxygenated Blood With Arterial Blood In The Heart Or Great Vessels.

Pathological Point Of View -

Cyanosis Is The Appearance Of A Blue Or Purple Colouration Of The Skin Or Mucous Membranes Due To The Tissues Near The Skin Surface Having Low Oxygen Saturation.

 Types -

• Central Cyanosis :- Central Cyanosis Is Often Due To A Circulatory Or Ventilatory Problem That Leads To Poor Blood Oxygenation In The Lungs. It Develops When Arterial Oxygen Saturation Drops To ≤85% Or ≤75%.

• Peripheral Cyanosis :- Peripheral Cyanosis Is The Blue Tint In Fingers Or Extremities, Due To Inadequate Circulation. The Blood Reaching The Extremities Is Not Oxygen Rich And When Viewed Through The Skin A Combination Of Factors Can Lead To The Appearance Of A Blue Colour.

• Differential Cyanosis :- Differential Cyanosis Is The Bluish Colouration Of The Lower But Not The Upper Extremity And The Head. This Is Seen In Patients With A Patent Ductus Arteriosus. Patients With A Large Ductus Develop Progressive Pulmonary Vascular Disease, And Pressure Overload Of The Right Ventricle Occurs. As Soon As Pulmonary Pressure Exceeds Aortic Pressure, Shunt Reversal (Right-To-Left Shunt) Occurs. The Upper Extremity Remains Pink Because The Brachiocephalic Trunk, Left Common Carotid Trunk And The Left Subclavian Trunk Is Given Off Proximal To The PDA.

Causes -

Central Cyanosis :- 

1. Central Nervous System ( Impairing Normal Ventilation ):

• Intra-Cranial Haemorrhage
• Drug Overdose (e.g. Heroin)
• Tonic–Clonic Seizure (e.g. Grand Mal Seizure)

2. Respiratory System:

• Pneumonia
• Bronchiolitis
• Bronchospasm (e.g. Asthma)
• Pulmonary Hypertension
• Pulmonary Embolism
• Hypoventilation
• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, or COPD ( Emphysema )

3. Cardiovascular Diseases:

• Congenital Heart Disease (e.g. Tetralogy Of Fallot, Right To Left Shunts In Heart Or Great Vessels) 

• Heart Failure 

• Valvular Heart Disease 

• Myocardial Infarction

4. Blood:

• Methemoglobinemia * Note This Causes "Spurious" Cyanosis, In That, Since Methemoglobin Appears Blue, The Patient Can Appear Cyanosed Even In The Presence Of A Normal Arterial Oxygen Level.
• Polycythaemia
• Congenital Cyanosis (HbM Boston) Arises From A Mutation In The α-Codon Which Results In A Change Of Primary Sequence, H → Y. Tyrosine Stabilises The Fe(III) Form (oxyhaemoglobin) Creating A Permanent T-State Of Hb.

5. Others:

• High Altitude, Cyanosis May Develop In Ascents To Altitudes >2400 m.
• Hypothermia
• Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Peripheral Cyanosis :-

• All Common Causes Of Central Cyanosis
• Reduced Cardiac Output (e.g. Heart Failure, Hypovolaemia)
• Cold Exposure
• Arterial Obstruction (e.g. Peripheral Vascular Disease, Raynaud Phenomenon)
• Venous Obstruction (e.g. Deep Vein Thrombosis)

 For More Details :-

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanosis

Examination Of The Patient Having A Cyanosis :-



Management Of Cyanosis :-

• Warming The Affected Area ; Gentle Warming Of Fingers And Nerves By Rubbing Them.

• Oxygenation As A Treatment For Cyanosis ; Initial Stabilisation Requires Oxygenation, Sometimes Breathing Machine Or Ventilator Might Be Required.

• Intravenous Fluids ; Children Who Have Difficulty In Feeding Due To Cyanosis And Heart Disease, Need To Administered I.V. Fluids.

• Surgery As A Treatment Of Cyanosis - Treatment Of Cyanosis Due To Congenital Heart Defects May Often Involve Surgery. 

 Homoeopathic Treatment For Cyanosis -

" One Single Simple Drug Substance In Its Most Suitable Potency, According To Symptom Similarity Based On Totality! "

In Case Of Cyanosis, List Of Useful Remedies (According To REPERTORY

by Oscar E. BOERICKE, M.D.) Are As Below-

Skin >>

BLUENESS

Lividity (See Face.) -- Agar., Ail., Ant. t., Arn., Ars., Cadm. s., Camph., Carbo an., Carbo v., Cinch., Crat., Crot., Cupr., Dig., Helleb., Ipec., Kali iod., Lach., Laur., Morph., Mur. ac., Sec., Sul. ac., Tar. c., Ver. a., Vipera.

Face >>
Blue, livid (cyanosis) (See Circulatory System.) -- Absinth., Am. c., Ant. t., Arg. n., Ars., Aur., Camph., Carbo an., Carbo v., Chlorum., Cic., Cina, Cinnab., Crot., Cupr. ac., Cupr. m., Dig., Ferr.,Hydroc. ac., Ipec., Lach., Laur., Morph., Œnanthe, Op., Phenac., Rhus t., Samb., Sec., Strych., Tab., Ver. a.

Circulatory System >>
Circulation, sluggish (See Heart.) -- Æth., Calc. c., Calc. p., Carbo an., Carbo v., Cim., Cinnam., Ferr. p., Gels., Led., Nat. m., Rhus t., Sil.

Congestion of blood (local) -- Acon., Æsc., Ambra, Amyl, Aur., Bell., Cact., Calc. c., Centaur., Cupr. m., Ferr. m., Ferr. p., Gadus mor., Glon., Kali iod., Lil. t., Lonic., Meli., Millef., Phos.,Sang., Sep., Sil., Spong., Stellar., Sul., Ver. v.

Heart >>
CYANOSIS -- Acetan., Am. c., Ant. ars., Ant. t., Ars., Benz. nit., Carbo an., Carbo v., Crot., Cupr., Dig., Hydroc. ac., Lach., Laur., Lycop., Merc. cy., Nat. nit., Phos., Piloc., Psor., Rhus t., Samb., Tab., Zinc. m.

For Detail Study Of Above Mentioned Individual Remedy From HOMŒOPATHIC MATERIA MEDICA by William BOERICKE, M.D.:-

•  http://www.homeoint.org/books/boericmm/

Special Thanks To Damini Rathwa, Dipti Varma, Hiral Markar & Dhwani Gamit.

SYNCOPE

Dictionary Meaning -
(according to Dorland's pocket medical Dictionary)

A Faint, Temporary Loss Of Consciousness Due To Generalised Cerebral Ischemia.

Cardiac Syncope -  Sudden Loss Of Consciousness, With Momentary Premonitory Symptoms Or Without Warning, Due To Cerebral Anaemia Caused By Obstructions To Cardiac Output Or Arrhythmias Such As Ventricular Asystole, Extreme Bradycardia, Or Ventricular Fibrillation.

Carotid Sinus Syncope - See Under Syndrome >> Carotid Sinus Syndrome - Syncope Sometime Associated With Convulsions Due To Over-Activity Of The Carotid Sinus Reflex When Pressure Is Applied To One Or Both Carotid Sinuses.

Convulsive Syncope - Syncope With Convulsive Movements That Are Milder Than Those Seen In Epilepsy.

Laryngeal Syncope - Tussive Syncope.

Stretching Syncope - Syncope Associated With Stretching The Arms Upward With The Spine Extended.

Swallow Syncope - Syncope Associated With Swallowing, A Disorder Of Atrioventricular Conduction Mediated By The Vagus Nerve.

Tussive Syncope - Brief Loss Of Consciousness Associated With Paroxysms Of Coughing.

Vasovegal Syncope - A Transient Vascular And Neuralgic Reaction Marked By Pallor, Nausea, Sweating, Bradycardia, And Rapid Fall In Arterial Blood Pressure, Which May Result In Syncope.

Pathological Point Of View -

Syncope, The Medical Term For Fainting Or Passing Out, Is Defined As A Transient Loss Of Consciousness And Postural Tone, Characterized By Rapid Onset, Short Duration, And Spontaneous Recovery, Due To Global Cerebral Hypo-Perfusion (Low Blood Flow To The Brain) That Most Often Results From Hypotension (Low Blood Pressure). 

• This Definition Of Syncope Differs From Others By Including The Cause Of Unconsciousness, i.e. Transient Global Cerebral Hypo-Perfusion.

• Without That Addition, The Definition Of Syncope Would Include Disorders Such As Epileptic Seizures, Concussion Or Cerebrovascular Accident.

• Syncope Is Distinguished From Coma, Which Can Include Persistent States Of Unconsciousness. This Confusion Still Occurs In Some Literature.

 Types -

• Vasovagal Syncope

• Situational Syncope

• Postural Syncope

• Cardiac Syncope

• Neurologic Syncope  

• Stretch Syncope 

For More Details :-

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncope_(medicine)

Causes -

Signs & Symptoms -

Many Forms Of Syncope Are Preceded By A Prodromal State That Often Includes

• Dizziness And Loss Of Vision ("Blackout") (Temporary), 

• Loss Of Hearing (Temporary), 

• Loss Of Pain And Feeling (Temporary), 

• Nausea And Abdominal Discomfort, 

• Weakness, 

• Sweating, 

• A Feeling Of Heat, 

• Palpitations And Other Phenomena, Which, If They Do Not Progress To Loss Of Consciousness And Postural Tone Are Often Denoted "Pre-Syncope".

Common Instruction For A Patient Of Syncope -

• Elevate Your Legs To Stop Fainting.

• Stay Hydrated to Prevent Fainting Or Blackouts.

• Control Stress to Prevent Blackouts.

• Stand Up Slowly To Prevent Black Outs.

• Raise Blood Sugar to Treat Fainting Fits.

For More Details :-

• http://collectivewizdom.com/FaintingorBlackingOut-CausesandTop10NaturalRemedies.html

Home Remedies For Syncope -

1. Apple Cider Vinegar :-

Most Probable Mode Of Action- Not Known!

2. Electrolyte Drinks :-

                Most Probable Mode Of Action- Not Known!

3. Onion :-

Most Probable Mode Of Action- Not Known!

4. Ginger :-

                    Most Probable Mode Of Action- Not Known!

For More Details :-

• http://www.earthclinic.com/CURES/vasovagal-syncope.html

Allopathic Treatment For Syncope -

During An Attack :-

• Make The Patient Recumbent, And Flat On The Ground.

• Loosen Clothes Around The Neck, And Raise The Legs.

• Feel The Pulse To Note The Rate, Rhythm And Volume.

• Stimulate By Splashing Water Or With Strong Smell (Onion).

• Normally, The Person Wakes Up In A Few Minutes.

• Do Not Allow Him To Stand Suddenly.

• Ask About - Chest Pain, Limb Paresis, Slurring Of Speech, And H/o Diabetes, Hypertension And Angina.

If The Patient Does Not Wake Up And Become Normal In 5 To 10 Minutes, Think Of Other Causes And Shift To A Hospital.

• If Known Diabetic, Give I.V. 4 amps. 25% Glucose.

• If Chest Pain / Sweating / Low Volume Pulse,

              - IV 5% Dextrose

    - Inj. Efcorlin 1 Vial IV. S.O.S. 

    - Refer To Hospital Or Cardiologist For ECG.

• If He Has Black Loose Stools & Pallor - ? GI Bleeding. Refer Immediately. 

• If Slurring Of Speech Or Weakness Of One Side - ? Stroke.

Subsequent Treatment Of Simple Syncope :-

• Liver Extract. 

• Calcium.

If  No Response, Ask For Investigations ;-

• Hb 

• ECG 

• X-ray Cervical Spine 

• X-ray Chest

In Specific Circumstances,

• Think For Cough Syncope, Micturation Syncope, & Hypersensitive Carotid Sinus.

Some Points To Be Kept In Our Mind While Handling The Case Of Syncope :- 

• If Taking Treatment For Hypertension - Reduce The Dose, Or If Necessary Change The Drug. Do Not Give Steroids. 

• After Giving Injections That Cause Sedation, Like Squil, Avil, Or Calmpose; Do Not Allow A Patient To Walk Home Alone - He May Faint & Fall In The Way.

 Homoeopathic Treatment For Syncope -

" One Single Simple Drug Substance In Its Most Suitable Potency, According To Symptom Similarity Based On Totality! "

In Case Of Syncope, List Of Useful Remedies (According To REPERTORY

by Oscar E. BOERICKE, M.D.) Are As Below-

SYNCOPE, fainting -- Acetan., Acet. ac., Acon., Alet., Amyl, Apis, Ars., Cact., Canth., Carbo v., Cham., Cim., Cinch., Collins., Croc., Cupr., Dig., Ferr., Glon., Ign., Ipec., Lach., Lil. t., Linar., Mag. m., Magnol., Mosch., Nux m., Nux v., Op., Phaseol., Phos. ac., Phos., Puls., Sep., Spig., Spong., Sul., Sumb., Tab., Thyr., Trill., Ver. a., Zinc.

Odors, in morning, after eating [From] -- Nux v.
Lipothymia, hysterical -- Acon., Apium v., Asaf., Cham., Cocc., Cupr., Ign., Lach., Mosch., Nux m.

For Detail Study Of Above Mentioned Individual Remedy From HOMŒOPATHIC MATERIA MEDICA

by William BOERICKE, M.D.:-

•  http://www.homeoint.org/books/boericmm/

Special Thanks To Dipti Varma, Damini Rathwa, Hiral Markar & Dhwani Gamit.